Size product modulation by enzyme concentration reveals two distinct levan elongation mechanisms inBacillus subtilislevansucrase

Two distinct mechanisms of augmented antitumor activity by modulation of immunostimulatory/inhibitory signals.

PURPOSE Blockade of CTL-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory immunomodulatory molecule on T cells, has been shown to enhance T-cell responses and induce tumor rejection, and a number of clinical trials with anti-CTLA-4 blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) are under way. However, accumulating evidence indicates that anti-CTLA-4 mAb increases the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells...

Cutting Edge: Two Distinct Mechanisms

Two distinct solubilized benzodiazepine receptors: differential modulation by ions.

The modulation of solubilized type 1 and type 2 benzodiazepine receptors from cow brain by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), divalent cations, and anions has been evaluated. GABA stimulates [3H] flunitrazepam binding of both receptor subtypes, whereas divalent cations and anions selectively stimulate solubilized type 2 receptors. Of numerous anions examined, only chloride, bromide, and iodide enh...

Ran Binds to Chromatin by Two Distinct Mechanisms

Ran GTPase plays important roles in nucleocytoplasmic transport in interphase and in both spindle formation and nuclear envelope (NE) assembly during mitosis. The latter functions rely on the presence of high local concentrations of GTP-bound Ran near mitotic chromatin. RanGTP localization has been proposed to result from the association of Ran's GDP/GTP exchange factor, RCC1, with chromatin, b...

On the effect of grain size on rock behavior under cyclic loading by distinct element method

It is well-known that the mechanical behavior of rocks under cyclic loading is much different from static loading conditions. In most constructions, the load applied to structures is within dynamic ranges. That’s why a great deal of attention has been paid towards this field in order to identify the dynamic behavior of rocks in more details. Nevertheless, the nature of dynamic failure in rocks ...